PSG has now secured the season-opening trophy on 14 separate times.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic equaliser followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille struck two times in the closing moments to seize a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital leveler in the dying moments to force the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past thirteen years.